Open Workshop on Understanding and Predicting Annual to Multi-Decadal Climate Variations

From November 18–20, 2025, the I4C, EXPECT, and ASPECT projects will co-host an open international workshop in Bologna (with hybrid participation) focused on understanding and predicting climate variability from annual to multi-decadal timescales.

This event brings together researchers working on climate prediction, variability, and extremes, especially those developing tools and methods to better understand drivers of climate shifts over 1–30 years. Topics include forecast skill, the role of natural variability and external forcings, and the use of AI, machine learning, and other advanced techniques for prediction and attribution.

Sessions

Sessions will cover past climate variability, advances in modelling and post-processing, and new approaches for explaining and improving forecast reliability:

• Understanding and attributing historical climate variations and extremes
• Forecast evaluation (extremes, anomalies, trends, windows of opportunity)
• New methods in prediction (modelling, initialization, AI/ML, post-processing)
• Mechanisms underlying predictability and their representation in forecast systems

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